John Nash s A Beautiful Mind - 862 Words

As someone who has always found mental illnesses very intriguing the film â€Å"A Beautiful Mind† never fails to tug at my emotions. John Nash, a brilliant mathematician, faces a series of struggles due to his bad case of schizophrenia that makes him believe he is a secret agent that is on a very complex mission; this effects not only his work life but family. In this film I felt the attitudes towards John’s disability varied; his wife Alicia did everything she could to support John regardless of the circumstances and how good or bad he was. Other people such as his co-workers and friends gave him pity, and doubted John. They felt once his schizophrenia got to the extent it did, he was helpless and their was no returning back to brilliant man he once was. At first John is unaware of his disability, he thinks everything that is going on in his head is true and everything his â€Å"best friend† Charles whispers into his ear, is a task he must perform. As he becomes more aware of his disease I find him to be at times very impatient with it; he did not want to work with himself to make himself better and he would have to accept his disability before he could improve in any way. As the movie progresses, I do notice the way he works with himself and although the obstacles are still there he channels a way to handle it and accept that what he thinks is there, is not. He learns to cope and he is less stubborn about working with himself so his disability does not restrict him. I feel John isShow MoreRelatedJohn Nash s A Beautiful Mind Essay2034 Words   |  9 Pagesanalyzing is a movie â€Å"A Beautiful Mind.† â€Å"A Beautiful Mind† effectively portrays the life of a person living with schizophrenia and offers viewers several understandings on the effects that mental illness has on a person s everyday life. Being a genius does not preclude the possibility that someone has a mental illness, such as schizophrenia, as the case of the ch aracter of John Nash, the mathematician and Nobel Prize winner portrayed in the movie. In â€Å"A Beautiful Mind,† John Nash clearly has schizophreniaRead MoreJohn Nash s A Beautiful Mind926 Words   |  4 PagesA Beautiful Mind is a film about the life of mathematician, John Nash. This film is a window into the world of mental illness, exploring the schizophrenic life of John Nash. This film shows the underlying conflicts that his psychosis displays between personal relationships, being apart of humanity and pursuing his original idea. In this essay, I will explore the struggles that John Nash faces in the pursuit of his dream, creating an original idea. I will focus on the demands of psychologicalRead MoreAnalysis Of John Nash s A Beautiful Mind ( Gazer Howard )923 Words   |  4 Pagesgenuine understanding of the person in order to accurately represent them on screen. In 2001, film makers attempted to translate to screen the life of John Nash in A Beautiful Mind ( Gazer Howard). John Nash, who is a notable figure in the world of academia and mathematics, won the Nobel Prize in economics for his game theory (Nash, 1994). Nash is also widely known for his long-term struggle with mental illness and was diagnosed with schizophrenia during his mid-thirties (Samels MacLowry, 2002)Read MoreJohn F. Nash s A Beautiful Mind Mathematician1448 Words   |  6 PagesEmma Cummings Microeconomics 22 November 2015 John Nash, a Beautiful Mind Mathematician John F. Nash shared the 1994 Nobel Prize with John Harsanyi and Reinhard Selten in economics for their work on the theory of non-cooperative games, in other words John Nash received a Nobel Prize for his work in Game theory. Except for one course in economics that he took as an undergraduate, Nash had not any formal training in economics. John Nash had a Ph.D. in mathematics in 1950, but theRead MoreAnalysis Of John Nash s Class We Watched A Beautiful Mind 977 Words   |  4 PagesIn class we watched â€Å"A Beautiful Mind† this movie tells the story of a man named John Nash (Russell Crowe) who is a genius mathematician that eventually finds himself struggling with Paranoid Schizophrenia. â€Å"Schizophrenia is a brain disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and dis- ordered thinking and behavior (mayoclinic.org)†. John Nash the main character has severe hallu- cinations, in particular with threeRead MoreAnalysis Of John Nash s Class We Watched A Beautiful Mind 843 Words   |  4 PagesIn class we watched â€Å"A Beautiful Mind† this movies has to due with a man named John Nash (Russell Crowe) who a genius mathematician who eventually finds himself struggling with Schizophrenia. Schizophrenia is a brain disorder in which people interpret reality abnormally. Schizophrenia may result in some combination of hallucinations, delusions, and disordered thinking and behavior. John Nash the main character had severe hallucinations, in particular with th ree main people. Although the new DiagnosticRead MoreBrothers Grimm and Beautiful Mind1109 Words   |  5 Pages * A Beautiful Mind Film Analysis A Beautiful Mind Film Analysis This movie is based on the true story of the brilliant mathematician John Forbes Nash Jr. He made remarkable advancements in the field of mathematics at a young age and had a very promising future. Unfortunately, John Nash had problems deciphering the difference betwe Premium 855 Words 4 Pages * Film Analysis: a Beautiful Mind WEEK 3 A Beautiful Mind Film Analysis xxxxxxRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Schizophrenia1171 Words   |  5 Pagesrecognize what is real. Common symptoms include false beliefs, unclear or confused thinking, auditory hallucinations, reduced social engagement and emotional expression, and lack of motivation. Diagnosis is based on observed behavior and the person s reported experiences. Genetics and early environment, as well as psychological and social processes, appear to be important contributory factors. Some recreational and prescription drugs appear to cause or worsen symptoms. The many possible combinationsRead MoreAnalysis Of A Beautiful Mind 1197 Words   |  5 PagesI chose the film â€Å"A Beautiful Mind† produced in 2001. The main character is John Forbes Nash, Jr. portrayed by Russell Crowe. The heart, not the mind is where the true meaning of life is found. A mathematical genius who is fixated on finding an original idea to ensure his legacy embarks on a mission with the belief that mathematics will lead him to a higher truth. â€Å"I cannot waste time with these classes and these books, memorizing the weak assumptions of lesser mortals. I need to look through toRead MoreAnalysis Of A Beautiful Mind1293 Words   |  6 PagesA Beautifully Scary Mind Film Analysis on A Beautiful Mind Most people remember having an imaginary friend growing up when they were young, but when that friend or friends appear in your late 20’s or 30’s as they did for John Nash, the Nobel Prize winning mathematician, they are usually called delusions or hallucinations. These are symptoms of schizophrenia and after making a groundbreaking discovery in the field of economics, Nash began experiencing hallucinations of a best friend, federal agents

Innovation Example

Essays on Innovation Article Innovation The technology of an industry never remains static; it is always to changes by introducing new methods of innovation among the existing techniques. All these technology innovations were usually designed by the manufacturers and implemented in their respective business processes. However, in modern organizations, users/consumers of technology are also allowed to participate in the innovation process. This represents a significant change from the producer-driven innovations methods, which have been prevalent for so many years. Such user-designed technology innovation can generate significant benefits for the company. Earlier, when technology manufacturers solely used to introduce new technical processes, the end-users were restricted to the technical methods made available by the producers. Even, if the consumers wanted a new technical process, they could not be sure of its provision. Under the new set-up, the end-users themselves can design the technological innovation required by them. They do not have to depend on anybody else to provide them with their technical necessities. This facility would definitely attract more end-users or consumers for the company, which in turn would increase their revenues. (von Hippel, 2002, p.2-6) 2. Under the new system of technological innovation, the company can include its customers into the product development process. The responsibility of designing a technological improvement is delegated only to the end-users of technology. The consumers, being a part of the company’s network framework, design new technical products and processes to serve their own requirements. The consumers are also encouraged to share the information of these new designs with other fellow consumers. Thus, the company can provide a conducive environment for the free exchange of scientific ideas among its customers. In such a case, the end –users are able to access innovations built by their fellow consumers and may even want to use such a ne process for their own benefit. Thus, the customers are not even required to develop all their technological requirements by themselves. They are given the license to utilize a technical innovation developed by the other end-users for their own benef it. In this way, a company can incorporate the end-users of technology into their product development process (von, Hippel, p.4-10). 3. The success of any commercial business in the modern world depends on how effectively it can market its products and services to its customers. This is true for a technology-based company as well. The success of a company’s marketing strategy is determined by its penetration of the market. In other words, a firm which shares a close relationship with its customers and is able to supply products and services to suit their requirements, can be guaranteed success in its business venture. The company has to ensure that it simultaneously upgrades itself so that it is able to serve the varied requirements of its consumers. Therefore, the organization has to serve the twin purposes of innovating its technology production processes as well as maintaining and increasing its customer base to increase its profits. An excellent way to accomplish both these results is to include the consumers or the end-users into the innovation process and product development procedure of the company. References 4. Feller, J. (2005) Perspectives on free and open source software, Massachusetts ,MIT Press 5. Hippel, Eric, von, (2002), Horizontal Innovation Networks – by and for users, MIT Sloan School of Management, 4366 – 02.

Components Incline Individuals Into Smoking-Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Components Incline Individuals Into Smoking? Answer: Introduction As the young people and teenagers being much influenced, the rate of smoking in the UK has been on the expansion. Smoking is one of the main causes which are responsible for few medical issues like mouth, lungs and bladder growths. Hence, it is critical to have procedures set up which are gone for diminishing smoking of tobacco or other addictive substances. It is likewise imperative to embrace safe smoking propensities like indoor smoking with the goal that general society can't be influenced by tobacco. The medical issues related with tobacco smoking relying upon the smoking time frame, for instance, the individuals who begin smoking early are at a more serious hazard. A portion of the components that incline individuals into smoking incorporate duplicating their smoking guardians, peer weight and observing a few films (Johnson et al., 2016). In any case, if suitable measures are taken, the rate, and complete stop of smoking, can be accomplished. In consideration organize, a man st arts to pick up smoking while the readiness arranges includes the genuine smoking. In the activity organize, which can continue for quite a while, the individual smokes once a day lastly, in the support arrange, smoking turns into a propensity. Nicotine, a compound present in tobacco causes smoking reliance, which makes smokers to end up plainly dependent. Much of the time, the young people who may wish to quit smoking discover troubles due to habit. Despite the fact that a couple of individuals might know about the wellbeing impacts of nicotine, most of the youngsters don't know (Stellman, 2016). Tobacco smoking can help smokers to tackle individual issues by diminishing worry amid enthusiastic minutes. This paper goes for deciding the part of the administration, medical caretakers, and smokers in stopping tobacco smoking. Smoking which is extremely damaging to wellbeing and makes numerous medical issues the general population then additionally they are excessively dependent on smoking that in the event that they think to abandon it then likewise they are not ready to diminish the utilization. It is a compulsion and an individual propensity for the individual. Smoking influences the individual as well as it influences the general population who are around them (Pandey and Lin, 2013). The smoke goes in people in general and makes contrary impacts all absolutely real animals. That is the main reason smoking ought to be restricted in every single open territory. Individuals who smoke out in the open make a terrible case for the offspring of the general public. By observing this around them they effectively get impacted in their developing stages. Individuals take the activities which are winning around them. These days individuals surmise that it is the need to smoke in general society to show the standar dized livelihood. They believe that it builds their identity among the individuals like their state of mind. It changes and reinforce their conviction that they look impressive when they smoke on coming across many matured and grown-ups smoking in general society. The utilization of smoking material is just expanded and increases when they see other individuals doing similar activity (Bernard, 2008). Additionally it makes a propensity that in the event that one individual is eating tobacco or smoking it makes a propensity for other individual when they offer it to some other individual. Health promotion Accordingly, there is a need to do a health advancement exercises considering the numerous wellbeing and social issues that come about because of smoking. Wellbeing advancement can incorporate training for ceasing smoking propensities of the general population (Siu, 2015). It is, in any case, dismal that in some social classes smoking is regular than others. For example, this propensity is common among the general population with low wage rather than the rich. These records for the biggest number of passing from smoking-related contrary wellbeing results among the needy individuals. The Government The Government has a major part to play in the suspension of smoking in every country. A portion of the means include: lessening in second-hand presentation, raising the costs of tobacco to bring down reasonableness, managing the items related with tobacco, anticipation of tobacco advancement and expanding the mindfulness concerning the utilization of smoking related substances (Stellman, 2016).. More endeavors are focused towards decreasing smoking in pregnant ladies, grown-ups and helping the current smokers to stop. The neighborhood specialists sin England is subsequently urged to give their recommendations that can help in the lessening of this propensity For instance, 'Sound individuals, solid individuals' is a tobacco smoking control arrange for where the administration goes for accomplishing the entire end of smoking. There will be successful implementation of laws concerning which confines some age limits for offering tobacco (Hopkinson et al., 2016). For this situation, the accentuation is laid to the confined offer of tobacco to teenagers who may, thusly, gain medical issues that they live with even at maturity (Rowell et al., 2014). The legislatures guard the tobacco from the cases raised by tobacco enterprises with the goal that no deals can occur in seller machines (Hughes et al., 2014). Besides, there is no more show of smoking items in shops since this may hamper the endeavours of smokers who are experiencing discontinuance projects to be enticed to continue smoking. Give the essential assets to help smokers who need to stop smoking. The legislature additionally has set a high assessment on smoking item with the goal that t his builds the costs and makes it unreasonably expensive for some individuals. The administration made many tenets and laws to control the utilization of tobacco. In the event that the utilization of smoking is prohibited then it will make a more beneficial way of life and make a sheltered domain for each individual. Individuals will consider it as an administration underwriting to make a sound domain around the general population. The administration conveys the message that they think about the soundness of the subjects and they don't offer support to expend tobacco. It gives update that legislature is worried about the prosperity of the nationals. It reminds the general population to carry on with a sheltered and solid way of life (LaVasque, 2009). On the off chance that tobacco is prohibited out in the open territories and for utilization it will expand the way of life and utilization example of the general population who are dependent on tobacco. By not offering consent to individuals to smoke in broad daylight which urge individuals to smoke less openly. T he confinements which are forced on the utilization of tobacco by the legislature are conveying the life of individuals in positive way. It is giving them quality to diminish the utilization of tobacco and is improving the life example to the general population who are dependent on tobacco (Nixon, 2007).. This will diminish the utilization and individuals will smoke less. Like if the smoker is not permitted to smoke openly at a place where they eat or in parks where they sit then they need to hold up until the point that they backpedal to home. Many individuals need to stop smoking yet they are excessively dependent that they can't abandon it. They are over and over pulled in towards it.. The legislature is finding a way to stop the utilization of tobacco it is offering advantage to the general population who are dependent on tobacco and furthermore it is decreasing the recurrence of smoking. The law forces confinement to devour cigarettes in the general population region so by this the utilization design and the need to smoke out in the open is lessened in light of the fact that it is deserving of law. It is offering quality to individuals to leave the tobacco. The general population who are dependent stopped as a result of the burden of not smoking in people in general range will upgrade their life example and life structure of the family. By forbidding smoking openly government concentrates on the idea that tobacco is awful for the wellbeing and furthermore it causes numerous unsafe ailments (Hanauer and Slade, 2012). By this legislature is attempting to change the attitude of the general population who are dependent on tobacco. Tobacco likewise makes an impediment for nature. The parcels or the cigarettes buds are discarded out and about which cause the terrible condition and are undesirable for rest of the general population (Cheraghi Salvi, 2009). The majority of the buds of cigarette are littered everywhere lastly they are come to in streams and in the midsections of fishes. This additionally contaminates the water supply and is likewise unsafe for the life of amphibian creatures. The health of many individuals is in risk. By devouring the tobacco individuals are experiencing heart issues and furthermore numerous medical issues. The boycott will upgrade and kill the awful case which is winning in the earth (Rothman Keller, 2010). The boycott won't empower youngsters and kids and will give them better society and condition. By forcing confinements government is securing the inherent rights and is giving better and a solid life. It is giving consolation and feeling that yes the utilization of tobacco is not advantageous for them. The decide is additionally forced that the offering of half parcel of 10 cigarettes will be decreased. The lead is likewise forced on restricting the seasoned cigarettes that pulls in the adolescents and kids from the possess an aroma similar to it. There are additionally new laws and standards which are managing the measure of nicotine that cigarettes contain ought to be brought down. The confinement on cigarettes will offer consolatio n to limit the utilization of the cigarettes in their everyday life design. The law which is forced on tobacco is valuable for both the general public and for the general population who are dependent on it (Ling and Glantz, 2012). Role of a Nurse The nurses can be engaged by providing instruction to smokers on the most proficient method to and the advantages of stopping smoking propensities. The smokers instead of different counsels will probably believe the exhortation offered by the medical caretakers (Bialous et al., 2017). The objectives set for the smokers by the attendants should be sufficiently sensible during the time spent to stop smoking. Such achievable objectives are probably going to empower the smokers to work more trying to stop smoking. As a medical attendant, it is worth to acclaim and give positive comments at whatever point a smoker accomplishes a few objectives towards the way toward stopping smoking (Sarna et al., 2014). The medical attendant ought to request that the tobacco smokers go to programs like directing in the clinic applicable for them to quit smoking. On the off chance that a patient who is a tobacco smoke had been admitted to the healing centre, amid release, the attendant needs to offer less ons on smoking stopping. Schedules by smokers to stop smoking Smokers need to see a wellbeing master, say an enlisted nurture or a group wellbeing parental figure to educate them on the best strategies with respect to stopping smoking. For this situation, one can utilize the sans toll telephone utilities and get these administrations from their homes and is doesn't really need to go to the doctor's facility yet. Another route is for the smokers to enrol bolster from loved ones (Grana et al., 2014). As for instance, a smoker can request that partners remind them not to smoke tobacco, at whatever point they are enticed to smoke. Another route is to embrace a take-moderate technique whereby a smoker puts stop dates on a paper and buckles down towards stopping. In the event that this neglects to work, at that point a smoker can set up an arrangement which goes for chopping down the rate of tobacco smoking until the point that they at last quit smoking. Now and again, the smokers may discover challenges of stopping smoking because of habit. In any c ase, they have to remain teaches so they can dodge the anguish which catches tobacco smoking-related medical issues. Conclusion In the entire world, most medical issues are connected to tobacco smoking and being addict to it. This, accordingly, alarms for different plans to advance wellbeing by helping smokers to stop this propensity. These advancement designs should be received by the administration, the wellbeing parental figures and the group as a rule. The tobacco smokers who are accepting the advancement designs additionally need to place endeavours in embracing the progressions for their wellbeing. The administration should partake in these techniques and give assets and empower the earth to enhance the soundness of the powerless gatherings. References Bernard, A., (2008). Cadmium its adverse effects on human health.Indian Journal of Medical Research,128(4), p.557. Bialous, S.A., Sarna, L., Wells, M.J., Brook, J.K., Kralikova, E., Pankova, A., Zato?ski, W. and Przewozniak, K., (2017). Impact of Online Education on Nurses Delivery of Smoking Cessation Interventions With Implications for Evidence?Based Practice. Worldviews on Evidence?Based Nursing. Cheraghi, M. and Salvi, S., (2009). Environmental tobacco smoke (ETS) and respiratory health in children.European journal of pediatrics,168(8), pp.897-905. Grana, R.A., Popova, L. and Ling, P.M., (2014). A longitudinal analysis of electronic cigarette use and smoking cessation. JAMA internal medicine, 174(5), pp.812-813. Hanauer, P. and Slade, J., (2012). Looking through a keyhole at the tobacco industry: the Brown and Williamson documents.Jama,274(3), pp.219-224. Hopkinson, N.S., Millett, C., Glantz, S., Arnott, D. and McNeill, A., (2016). UK government should fund stop smoking media campaigns not give tax breaks to films with smoking imagery. Addiction, 111(11), pp.2066-2067. Hughes, J.R., Stead, L.F., Hartmann?Boyce, J., Cahill, K. and Lancaster, T., (2014). Antidepressants for smoking cessation. The Cochrane Library. Johnson, I., Lai, M., Bourne, L., Mirsky, J., Sama, S. and Rosiello, R., (2016). Does Electronic Cigarette (EC) Use Reduce Smoking Symptoms and Lead to Improved Activity in Patients Using Them for Tobacco Smoking Cessation?. CHEST Journal, 150(4_S), pp.1299A-1299A. LaVasque, M.E., (2009). Smoking, body weight, and their effects on smoking behavior: a comprehensive review of the literature.Psychological bulletin,106(2), p.204. Ling, P.M. and Glantz, S.A., (2012). Why and how the tobacco industry sells cigarettes to young adults: evidence from industry documents.American journal of public health,92(6), pp.908-916. Nixon, S.J., (2007). Smoking kills (alcoholics)! shouldn't we do something about it?.Alcohol and alcoholism,42(3), pp.167-173. Pandey, S. and Lin, Y., (2013). Adjusted effects of domestic violence, tobacco use, and indoor air pollution from use of solid fuel on child mortality.Maternal and child health journal, pp.1-9. Rothman, K. and Keller, A., (2010). The effect of joint exposure to alcohol and tobacco on risk of cancer of the mouth and pharynx.Journal of chronic diseases,25(12), pp.711-716. Rowell, A., Evans-Reeves, K. and Gilmore, A.B., (2014). Tobacco industry manipulation of data on and press coverage of the illicit tobacco trade in the UK. Tobacco control, 23(e1), pp.e35-e43. Sarna, L.P., Bialous, S.A., Kralikov, E., Kmetova, A., Felbrov, V., Kulovan, S., Mal, K., Roubickov, E., Wells, M.J. and Brook, J.K., (2014). Impact of a smoking cessation educational program on nurses interventions. Journal of Nursing Scholarship, 46(5), pp.314-321. Siu, A.L., (2015). Behavioral and Pharmacotherapy Interventions for Tobacco Smoking Cessation in Adults, Including Pregnant Women: US Preventive Services Task Force Recommendation StatementUSPSTF Recommendation Statement for Interventions for Tobacco Smoking Cessation. Annals of internal medicine, 163(8), pp.622-634. Stellman, S.D., (2016). Commentary on Liu et al,Prevalence and patterns of tobacco smoking among Chinese adult men and women: findings of 2010 national smoking survey. Journal of epidemiology and community health, pp.jech-2016.

Law in the Information Age 2.0

Introduction Many jurisdictions around the world have different laws regarding defamation. These laws protect people from wrongful representation through the publication of defamatory, slanderous, or harmful information.1 Most civil law jurisdictions around the world treat defamation cases, not as civil cases, but as criminal cases.2Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Law in the Information Age 2.0 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, some advocates for freedom of speech (including the United Nations Commission on Human rights) have not supported the association of defamation cases with criminal offences. In fact, the United Nations Commission on Human right believes that the conceptualization of defamation as a criminal offence violates people’s freedom of expression as stipulated under Article 19 of the International Covenant on civil and political Rights.3 There is a debate in Australia regar ding the role of defamation laws to protect the freedom of expression and people’s reputation from unfair damage.4 Recent changes in technology have brought more attention to the above debate because technological development has redefined the way information dissipates in the society. The increased use of new technology has created new concerns regarding whether it is critical to change the legal framework and practices surrounding defamation laws and regulation, or not. This paper proposes that Australia needs to create a new legal framework to address new challenges brought by web 2.0 services. Issues of jurisdiction, privacy, and enforcement appear in this debate. Finally, this paper shows that Australia’s defamation laws are too strict to maintain a proper balance between the freedom of expression and defamation. Consequently, this paper proposes the creation of a practicable balance between the freedom of expression and defamation laws. Freedom of Speech Australi ans do not enjoy the same legal protection regarding the freedom of speech as other developed countries do.5 The lack of proper legal protection of the freedom of speech in Australia has prompted some observers to advance the opinion that the freedom of speech only exists to the extent that there is no law restricting it.6 To this extent, people have challenged Australian courts to stipulate if the government’s effort to restrict freedoms of speech is valid, or not.7Advertising Looking for research paper on constitutional law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Legal Restrictions on Free Speech Albeit the freedom of speech remains an important freedom in not only Australia but also the rest of the world, a few legal restrictions on free speech exists. One such restriction is defamation. Defamation: defamation is a legal restriction to the freedom of speech because it curtails the ability of people to express their opinions freely. In the past, defamation laws in Australia varied with every state.8 However, recent legal developments, which occurred in 2005, created a standard application of defamation laws throughout the country.9 Before the introduction of the uniform defamation laws, the main legal defences in defamation proceedings varied across different states. The common legal defences were truth, fairness, and the publication of accurate reports of public interest. Nonetheless, unlike America, there has not been any public figure test to evaluate the application of the new defamation laws in Australia. For a long time, some people have perceived defamation laws as a threat to the freedom of the media and the freedom to engage in political debates. This opinion prevails because some people and groups use defamation laws to prevent or intimidate the media, individuals, and groups against speaking about issues, or even people. Since the courts define defamation laws geographically, the introductio n of technology has complicated the application and enforcement of these laws.10 The main area of contention is the ability of technology to transcend geographical borders. For example, a recent case by Dow Jones and Company Inc. v Gutnick case involved the geographical application of defamation laws in two different countries.11 In detail, the case involved the use of materials regarding Victoria, but downloaded from America. Dow Jones and Company claimed that Australia’s defamation laws were not applicable here, but Gutnick claimed that Australian laws were applicable in the case. The court ruled that the case was subject to Victoria’s defamation laws and not America’s defamation laws. From the above case, it is difficult to apply or enforce defamation laws on online content because they do not have a geographic jurisdiction.12 This difficulty in enforcing and applying defamation laws sharply contrasts previous concerns regarding defamation cases in television or print media. In other words, it was easier to enforce and apply defamation laws across various forms of conventional media because traditional media platforms are structured and easier to control.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Law in the Information Age 2.0 specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, the introduction of uniform defamation laws has introduced new defences against defamation, which makes it easier for people to defend themselves against defamation cases. For example, truth alone is now enough legal defence against defamation proceedings.13 Therefore, people do not have to experience the burden of further proving that their subject matter was of public interest. A new addition to the new defamation cases stem from the stable legal environment that the new laws have created. For example, it is now easier to use uniform criteria for identifying defamation cases.14 Therefore, subjects of defamation cases, and the people who generate information, understand the definition of defamatory materials and any legal defences that they can use in legal proceedings. Through these legal advances, the law reintroduces the common law approach to understanding defamatory cases and claims. Despite the legal advancements of defamation laws, Australian defamation laws are more oppressive than other democratic societies. However, it is crucial to say that Australian defamation laws have improved since the courts acknowledged the freedom of political communication. Nevertheless, the Australian law still fails to provide proper legal protection against liabilities that may arise even when authors take necessary caution to communicate issues of public concern. One issue, which proponents of free speech use to fight defamation law, is the deterrent created by these laws to engage in free speech because of the excessive costs associated with litigation.15 Usually, the costs of litigation are very high (millions of dollars). Similarly, the costs of penalties are equally high (hundreds of thousands of dollars). However, the introduction of uniform defamation laws has created a new cap on the awarding of legal damages ($250,000).16 The court exceeds this cap only under aggravated circumstances. The excesses of Australia’s defamation laws manifest in a recent court ruling, where the court ordered Google to pay damages amounting to $208,000 to an entertainment promoter (Milorad Trkulja), who Goggle linked to gangster activities in Melbourne.17 Trkulja claimed that Google wrongfully published information on its online platform by associating his image with gangster and mob activities. Therefore, whenever people searched for Trkulja’s name, they would find his name associated with gangster activities in Australia. Trkulja claimed that most of his businesses depended on his public image and therefore, the slanderous depiction of his persona as a gangster mob l eader dented his image. He consequently claimed that he had suffered severe damages from the publication of slanderous articles online.Advertising Looking for research paper on constitutional law? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Google claimed that it only availed information from other people (it did not write them). Google also claimed that it innocently published such materials not because of malice, but rather, as an act to provide what other authors had written about Trkulja. However, the court ruled against Google and found the internet giant guilty of defamation. The Court claimed that Google never acted on Trkulja’s concern since 2009. The Court similarly perceived Google’s role in the entire scandal as an agent of defamation (as libraries and other media agents have done in the past). The court made this ruling for purposes of Australian defamation laws. Based on the above case, the strictness of Australian defamation laws on internet content and information generation is severe. In fact, the above case shows the capacity of the law in pursuing third party agents, who are not the original authors of media content. In the above case, the court found Google guilty of having the intentio n to publish slanderous media content, based on the product of its search request process. For being an agent of defamation by providing slanderous information to the public, the court ordered it to pay damages. Therefore, through this case, it is easy to see the scope of the Australian defamation laws and the threat it poses, not only to people who generate information, but also to those who distribute them. To this extent, Australian defamation laws not only threaten the freedom of expression but also threaten individuals involved in the dissemination of slanderous information. Nonetheless, the new legal provisions in Australia’s defamation laws have eliminated exemplary and excessively punitive damages in civil proceedings that involve defamation claims. Despite these legal advancements, it is still too early to establish if the new laws will protect the rights of authors who publish or write materials. Mainly, the way the courts approach this matter defines how effective the new laws will be. Restrictions on Information Creators Broadly, Australian information generators have enjoyed some freedom when reporting or writing about different social issues. However, during war times, the government limits this freedom. In fact, recent years have seen an increase in the number of attempts that the government has tried to limit the freedoms of expression through legal statutes that have censored the media. For example, in 2006, the government successfully closed an internet website that created a satire of the Prime Minister’s website. The government shut down the website after citing concerns about intellectual property. A few years later, the government equally closed a television comedy show on ABC, which it perceived to condone antigovernment sentiments. The vocal announcement by a government senator regarding the existing conflict of interest by one of the show’s co-host, who appeared in political campaigns, preceded attempts to shut dow n the show. Similarly, when these events occurred, ABC network also announced that it had abandoned plans to publish an autobiography about Allan Jones, who was a friend of the government. Accusations of defamation surrounded the abandonment of the book launch plan because ABC feared that the publication of the book might lead to a change in the public perception of the subject. These are a few examples of the government’s attempt to use defamation to limit free speech. Contempt of Court Normally, people are discouraged from talking about court matters because their remarks or comments may mean a fair trial would not occur. Therefore, the principle of contempt prevents people from talking about matters that are before the courts. This way, the courts prevent the occurrence of a public/media trial. Some information that may be considered prejudicial include the publication of details of prior trial, creation of an adverse impression of the accused, making statements about the guilt or innocence of the accused, and the identification of an accused person (when the identification of the accused is a problem). In Mustard v Woodside Energy (a big gas company) case, Ms. Mustard launched a sexual harassment claim against her former company for sidelining her in professional duties, after taking a maternity leave. Initially, Mustard was a very valued employee who held a senior position at Woodside Energy. In fact, she supervised most of the commercial contracts for the company.18 This claim prompted Woodside Energy to pay her $170,000 in damages. However, the case quickly turned into a defamation suit against Woodside Energy when Mustard went public after claiming that the sexual harassment case against her company ended. In a rejoinder, the company sent a press statement claiming that the suit was not finalised, and that the case was still ongoing. Afterwards, Mustard filed a case in the federal court when both parties failed to agree on the details of the iss ue. In the case, Mustard sought $50,000 in damages from here former company (for defamation) and a letter of apology from here employer as well. Mustard claimed that the company had made defamatory statements against her, during the sexual harassment case, and at a company seminar in 2010. After a preliminary assessment of the case, both parties agreed on a private settlement, which required both parties not to disclose their terms of agreement. This provision made it impossible to disclose further details surrounding the case. This case highlights an example of how the law of contempt acts as a way to limit the freedoms of expression because the company did not want Ms. Mustard to engage in further discussions about the case. To this extent, the company used the law of contempt to limit Mustard’s freedom of expression. It is therefore difficult to know any further details surrounding the case. Some people use the above legal provisions to curtail the freedom of free speech. Therefore, it has become increasingly difficult for people to publish media content about matters that are before the court. People can use this legal provision to prevent public debate concerning issues they want to conceal, by simply saying the matter is prejudicial. However, public concern may be a defence in such situations. In fact, as legal experts would say, it is difficult to invoke such a defence if the matter closely touches on the actual subject of the matter. Therefore, broadly, the law of contempt prevents public trials of incidental or unintended remarks, as opposed to the prevention of public trials regarding specific issues in a trial. Censorship and Obscenity Some people use censorship and obscenity concerns as restrictions to the freedom of speech. These restrictions are contained in Australia’s criminal law, which stipulates that the publication of indecent or obscene materials amount to a criminal act.19 However, the main legal problem surrounding the appl ication of this law is the lack of proper definition regarding what constitutes an indecent or obscene material. Consequently, the courts usually depend on traditional tests to determine indecency or obscenity. Community standards regarding this classification often act as the standard of measure. The court receives few cases regarding obscenity and indecency, but the few prosecutions do not undermine the number of cases that law enforcers have filed against people who publish obscene or indecent materials. Often, many people have taken private decisions to withdraw or regulate their media content so that they do not face such legal actions. The most recent case involving the use of obscenity as a limitation of free speech occurred when the government seized a book of photographs by Robert Mapplethorpe in South Australia. The Classification Board thereafter reclassified the contents of the book.20 The Catholic Church had similarly tried to prevent the National Gallery of Victoria fr om publishing the Serrano Photograph, Piss Christ. This case reintroduced the notion of blasphemous libel, which many people thought was obsolete. The court reviewed the matter by considering if blasphemy constituted part of the laws of Victoria. The court did not finalise this issue. The classifications of media content constitute the most comprehensive form of regulation of speech or expression. Often, the principle of classification aims to determine the age appropriateness of media content. The underlying principle here outlines the ability of adults to discuss, see, and talk about any matter, but limits the opportunities for the exposure of adult content to children.21 However, the internet age has transcended these traditional classifications because minors equally access information the same way adults do.22 Through this development, it is vital to re-examine the legal framework for the classification of media contents. Interestingly, countries, which have tried to re-examine their internet regulation laws, such as, America, have received backlash from people who want to protect the gains of the First Amendment.23 Therefore, restrictions on media content are quickly gaining the tag of a government’s attempt to regulate free speech. Conclusion Australia’s defamation laws and the freedom of speech clash. Even though there needs to be e careful balance between defamation laws and freedom of speech, this balance has not always been ideal. There is a strong weakness in the protection of freedom of speech in Australia because of the lack of a strong legal framework that the courts can use. Consequently, compared to other developed nations, Australia’s protection of the freedom of speech is relatively weak. To this extent, the government has limited the freedom of speech through directives and similar legal provisions limiting people’s scope to express their opinions. The closure of an internet website mimicking the Prime ministerâ €™s official website provides reasonable evidence of the limitation of the freedom of speech in Australia. The expansive scope of Australia’s defamation laws also stifles public debate concerning different issues because, as the Trkulja v Google case shows, Australia’s defamation laws victimises not only those who generate information but also agents who distribute this information. The wide scopes of Australia’s defamation laws therefore create an intimidating environment to individuals who generate information because they always feel threatened by the fear of litigation. To this extent, defamation laws are insensitive to information that is availed to the public, even when authors take proper caution when distributing such information. The harsh defamation laws do not however underscore the numerous legal arguments, which people who want to stifle public debate can use. Defamation laws already pose a limitation to people who would want to engage freely in public debates. The law of contempt and concerns about indecency and obscenity also poses significant challenges to the exercise of free speech. The Mustard v Woodside Energy case already shows how the law of contempt stifled public debate concerning the case. Comprehensively, therefore, there is little protection from Australia’s defamation laws concerning free speech. The courts therefore need to provide more legal protection to free speech crusaders so that there is a strong balance between free speech rights and defamation laws. Similarly, the legal framework surrounding defamation cases also needs to be reviewed to address new concerns brought by online communication, such as, privacy concerns, jurisdictional concerns (as shown in the Dow Jones and Company Inc. v Gutnick case) and enforcement concerns (deregulation of the internet). Annotated Bibliography Agencies 2012, Google fined in Australia defamation case, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asiapacific/2012/11/20121112 521157975.html. Agencies (2012) explain the rigidity of Australia’s defamation laws in cases involving free speech. Banks, A 2012, Woodside defamation dispute resolved, http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/breaking/15717556/woodside-defamation-dispute-resolved/. Banks (2012) explains the use of the law of contempt to stifle public debate. His article highlights a case involving the use of the law of contempt to limit the freedom of speech. Blitt, R 2011, The Bottom up Journey of â€Å"Defamation of Religion† from Muslim States to the United Nations, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, London. Blitt (2011) focuses on the debate surrounding the implementation of defamation laws and its limitations on the freedom of expression. His article shows the criticisms regarding defamation laws. Communications Law Centre 2012, Free speech and defamation pre 2010, http://www.law.uts.edu.au/comslaw/factsheets/archivedfactsheets/freespeechanddefamationpre2010.html. Communications Law C entre (2012) highlights how several legal provisions in Australia limit free speech. Doyle, C 2005, Privacy Law in Australia. Federation Press, Sydney. The scope of this article focuses on privacy laws and their clash with free speech. Electronic Frontiers Australia 2006, Defamation Laws the Internet, https://www.efa.org.au/Issues/Censor/defamation.html#cases. Electronic Frontiers Australia (2006) focuses on how the internet has affected defamation laws in Australia. Fryd, H 2012, Scandalous!: 50 Shocking Events You Should Know About, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, San Francisco. Fryd (2012) highlights different cases concerning past legal events pitting individuals and groups against the government. He shows how the Australian government used obscenity as a legal provision to limit free speech. Greyson, D 2007, ‘GLBTQ content in comics/graphic novels for teens’, Collection Building, Vol. 26 No, 4, pp. 130 – 134. This article highlights how media content classificat ion as a limitation of free speech. Hannabuss, S 2008, ‘Key Concepts in Law’, Library Review, Vol. 57 No. 7, pp. 554 – 555. Hannabuss (2008) explains the scope of defamation and its constituents. He explores what defamation entails. Hannabuss, S 2010, ‘Understanding Privacy’, Library Review, Vol. 59 No. 7, pp. 562 – 563. Hannabuss (2010) highlights the conflict of defamation laws and its association with privacy laws. Harpwood, V 2008, Modern Tort Law, Taylor Francis, London. Harpwood (2008) explains the development of defamation laws in Australia since 2005. Melkonian, H 2011, Defamation, Libel Tourism and the Speech Act of 2010: The First Amendment Colliding with the Common Law, Cambria Press, New York. This article focuses on the conflict of defamation laws with the first amendment (safeguarding the freedom of speech). Nzenza-Campbell, R 2004, ‘Essential Law for Information Professionals’, Library Management, Vol. 25 No. 4, pp . 239 – 239. This article explains how punitive defamation laws in Australia limit free speech. O’Neill, N 2004, Retreat from Injustice: Human Rights Law in Australia, Federation Press, Sydney. O’neil (2004) explains the clash between human rights law and defamation law. Perry, P 1986, ‘The Law and Defamation: An Australian Case’, Managerial Auditing Journal, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 9 – 11. This article explains how Australian defamation laws worked before their reform in 2005. Sawer, M 2009, Australia: The State of Democracy, Federation Press, Sydney. Sawer (2009) explains the new implications of defamation laws in Australia. Sells, B 2006, ‘Recent developments in internet defamation law’, Journal of International Trade Law and Policy, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 1 – 17. Sells (2006) explains how online developments have affected defamation laws. Scientific United Nations Educational 2011, Freedom of Connection, Freedom of Expression: Th e Changing Legal and Regulatory Ecology Shaping the Internet, UNESCO, Paris. This article explains how the internet has redefined the interaction between defamation and the new freedoms experienced through unregulated internet. Stoney, M 2003, ‘The problems of jurisdiction to e-commerce – some suggested strategies’, Logistics Information Management, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 74 – 80. Stoney (2003) focuses on the jurisdictional concerns arising from the application of defamation laws in the information age. Wyatt, A 2011, ‘Copyright concerns triggered by web 2.0 uses’, Reference Services Review, Vol. 39 No, 2, pp. 303 – 317. Wyatt (2011) focuses on how web 2.0 introduces copyright issues and redefines the application of defamation laws across different jurisdictions. References Agencies 2012, Google fined in Australia defamation case, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asiapacific/2012/11/20121112521157975.html. Banks, A 2012, Woodside defamation di spute resolved, http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/breaking/15717556/woodside-defamation-dispute-resolved/. Blitt, R 2011, The Bottom up Journey of â€Å"Defamation of Religion† from Muslim States to the United Nations, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, London. Communications Law Centre 2012, Free speech and defamation pre 2010, http://www.law.uts.edu.au/comslaw/factsheets/archivedfactsheets/freespeechanddefamationpre2010.html. Doyle, C 2005, Privacy Law in Australia. Federation Press, Sydney. Electronic Frontiers Australia 2006, Defamation Laws the Internet, https://www.efa.org.au/Issues/Censor/defamation.html#cases. Fryd, H 2012, Scandalous!: 50 Shocking Events You Should Know About, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, San Francisco. Greyson, D 2007, ‘GLBTQ content in comics/graphic novels for teens’, Collection Building, Vol. 26 No, 4, pp. 130 – 134. Hannabuss, S 2008, ‘Key Concepts in Law’, Library Review, Vol. 57 No. 7, pp. 554 – 555. Ha nnabuss, S 2010, ‘Understanding Privacy’, Library Review, Vol. 59 No. 7, pp. 562 – 563. Harpwood, V 2008, Modern Tort Law, Taylor Francis, London. Melkonian, H 2011, Defamation, Libel Tourism and the Speech Act of 2010: The First Amendment Colliding with the Common Law, Cambria Press, New York. Nzenza-Campbell, R 2004, ‘Essential Law for Information Professionals’, Library Management, Vol. 25 No. 4, pp. 239 – 239. O’Neill, N 2004, Retreat from Injustice: Human Rights Law in Australia, Federation Press, Sydney. Perry, P 1986, ‘The Law and Defamation: An Australian Case’, Managerial Auditing Journal, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 9 – 11. Sawer, M 2009, Australia: The State of Democracy, Federation Press, Sydney. Sells, B 2006, ‘Recent developments in internet defamation law’, Journal of International Trade Law and Policy, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 1 – 17. Scientific United Nations Educational 2011, Freedom of Connecti on, Freedom of Expression: The Changing Legal and Regulatory Ecology Shaping the Internet, UNESCO, Paris. Stoney, M 2003, ‘The problems of jurisdiction to e-commerce – some suggested strategies’, Logistics Information Management, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 74 – 80. Wyatt, A 2011, ‘Copyright concerns triggered by web 2.0 uses’, Reference Services Review, Vol. 39 No, 2, pp. 303 – 317. Footnotes 1 H. Stuart 2008, ‘Key Concepts in Law’, Library Review, Vol. 57 No. 7, pp. 554 – 555. 2 S. Berkley 2006, ‘Recent developments in internet defamation law’, Journal of International Trade Law and Policy, Vol. 5 No. 1, pp. 1 – 17. 3 B. Robert 2011, The Bottom up Journey of â€Å"Defamation of Religion† from Muslim States to the United Nations, Emerald Group Publishing Limited, London. 4 Peter 1986, p. 56. 5 Communications Law Centre 2012, Free speech and defamation pre 2010, http://www.law.uts.edu.au/comslaw/fac tsheets/archivedfactsheets/freespeechanddefamationpre2010.html. 6 Communications Law Centre 2012, p. 1. 7 O. Nick 2004, Retreat from Injustice: Human Rights Law in Australia, Federation Press, Sydney. 8 P. Peter 1986, ‘The Law and Defamation: An Australian Case’, Managerial Auditing Journal, Vol. 1 No. 1, pp. 9 – 11. 9 D. Carolyn 2005, Privacy Law in Australia. Federation Press. 10 S. Mark 2003, ‘The problems of jurisdiction to e-commerce – some suggested strategies’, Logistics Information Management, Vol. 16 No. 1, pp. 74 – 80. 11 Electronic Frontiers Australia 2006, Defamation Laws the Internet, https://www.efa.org.au/Issues/Censor/defamation.html#cases. 12 W. Anna 2011, ‘Copyright concerns triggered by web 2.0 uses’, Reference Services Review, Vol. 39 No, 2, pp. 303 – 317. 13 S. Marian 2009, Australia: The State of Democracy, Federation Press, Sydney. 14 H. Vincent 2008, Modern Tort Law, Taylor Francis, London. 15 N. Raviro 2004, ‘Essential Law for Information Professionals’, Library Management, Vol. 25 No. 4, pp. 239 – 239. 16 Communications Law Centre 2012, p. 1. 17 Agencies 2012, Google fined in Australia defamation case, http://www.aljazeera.com/news/asia-pacific/2012/11/20121112521157975.html. 18 B. Amanda 2012, Woodside defamation dispute ‘resolved,’ http://au.news.yahoo.com/thewest/a/-/breaking/15717556/woodside-defamation-dispute-resolved/. 19 H. Stuart 2010, ‘Understanding Privacy’, Library Review, Vol. 59 No. 7, pp. 562 – 563. 20 F. Hallie 2012, Scandalous!: 50 Shocking Events You Should Know About, Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, San Fransisco. 21 G. Devon 2007, ‘GLBTQ content in comics/graphic novels for teens’, Collection Building, Vol. 26 No, 4, pp. 130 – 134. 22 Scientific United Nations Educational 2011, Freedom of Connection, Freedom of Expression: The Changing Legal and Regulatory Ecology Shaping the Inte rnet, UNESCO, Paris. 23 M. Harry 2011, Defamation, Libel Tourism and the Speech Act of 2010: The First Amendment Colliding with the Common Law, Cambria Press, New York. This research paper on Law in the Information Age 2.0 was written and submitted by user Aryana H. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.